izindaba

Ekuqaleni kwale nyanga, iWorld Health Organisation (WHO) imemezele ukuthi sekuqubuke amacala emonkeypox eDemocratic Republic of Congo (DRC) nasemazweni amaningana ase-Afrika, okuyisimo esiphuthumayo sezempilo yomphakathi esikhathaza amazwe omhlaba.
Eminyakeni emibili edlule, igciwane lemonkeypox laqashelwa njengesimo esiphuthumayo sezempilo yomphakathi emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokusabalala kwalo emazweni amaningi, okuhlanganisa neChina, lapho leli gciwane lalingakaze lidlange khona ngaphambili. Kodwa-ke, ngoMeyi 2023, njengoba amacala omhlaba eqhubeka nokuncipha, lesi simo esiphuthumayo sasuswa.
Igciwane lemonkeypox seliphinde lagadla futhi, futhi yize kungakaze kube namacala eChina okwamanje, izinsolo ezivusa amadlingozi zokuthi leli gciwane lisakazwa ngokulunywa omiyane zigcwele izinkundla zokuxhumana zaseChina.
Yiziphi izizathu zesexwayiso se-WHO? Yiziphi izitayela ezintsha zalolu bhubhane?
Ingabe uhlobo olusha lwegciwane lemonkeypox luzosakazwa ngamaconsi nomiyane?

Yiziphi izici zomtholampilo ze-monkeypox?
Ingabe ukhona umgomo wokuvimbela inkawu kanye nomuthi wokuyelapha?
Abantu kufanele bazivikele kanjani?

Kungani iphinde inakwa?
Okokuqala, kube nokwanda okuphawulekayo nokusheshayo kwezigameko ezibikiwe ze-monkeypox kulo nyaka. Naphezu kokuqhubekayo ukwenzeka kwamacala e-monkeypox e-DRC iminyaka eminingi, isibalo samacala abikiwe ezweni senyuke kakhulu ngo-2023, futhi isibalo samacala kuze kube manje kulo nyaka sedlule ngonyaka odlule, nesamba samacala angaphezu kuka-15600, okuhlanganisa nokufa kwama-537. Igciwane lemonkeypox linamagatsha amabili ofuzo, I no-II. Idatha ekhona iphakamisa ukuthi izimpawu zomtholampilo ezibangelwa igciwane lemonkeypox legatsha I-DRC zinzima kakhulu kunalezo ezibangelwa uhlobo oluwubhubhane lwango-2022. Njengamanje, okungenani amazwe angu-12 ase-Afrika abike izehlakalo zemfene, kanti iSweden neThailand womabili abika amacala angenisiwe e-monkeypox.

Okwesibili, amacala amasha abonakala enzima kakhulu. Kunemibiko yokuthi izinga lokufa kwe-monkeypox virus egatsheni I ukutheleleka liphezulu njengoba 10%, kodwa uchwepheshe Belgian Institute of Tropical Medicine ukholelwa ukuthi idatha yecala eqongelelekayo phakathi neminyaka eyi-10 edlule ibonisa ukuthi izinga lokufa kwegatsha I liyi-3% kuphela, elifana nezinga lokufa kokutheleleka kwegatsha II. Nakuba igatsha legciwane lemonkeypox elisanda kutholwa i-Ib linokudluliselwa komuntu kumuntu futhi lisakazeka ngokushesha ezindaweni ezithile, idatha ye-epidemiological kuleli gatsha ilinganiselwe kakhulu, futhi i-DRC ayikwazi ukuqapha ngempumelelo ukudluliswa kwegciwane nokulawula ubhubhane ngenxa yeminyaka yempi nobumpofu. Abantu basantula ukuqonda kolwazi lwegciwane oluyisisekelo, njengomehluko we-pathogenicity phakathi kwamagatsha egciwane ahlukene.
Ngemva kokumemezela kabusha igciwane lemonkeypox njengesimo esiphuthumayo sezempilo yomphakathi esikhathaza amazwe ngamazwe, i-WHO ingaqinisa futhi ixhumanise ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi ekukhuthazeni ukufinyelela emithini yokugoma, amathuluzi okuxilonga, kanye nokuhlanganisa izinsiza zezezimali ukuze kusetshenziswe kangcono ukuvimbela nokulawula ubhubhane.
Izici ezintsha zobhubhane
Igciwane lemonkeypox linamagatsha amabili ofuzo, I no-II. Ngaphambi kuka-2023, i-IIb kwakuyigciwane eliyinhloko elalidlange emhlabeni wonke. Kuze kube manje, sekubangele amacala acishe abe ngu-96000 nokufa kwabantu abayi-184 emazweni ayi-116. Kusukela ngo-2023, ukuqubuka okuyinhloko e-DRC kube segatsheni le-Ia, futhi cishe i-20000 izinsolo zokuthi i-monkeypox ibikiwe; Phakathi kwabo, izigameko ezingu-975 okusolakala ukuthi zokufa kwenkawu zenzeka, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezineminyaka engu-15 noma ngaphansi. Kodwa-ke, igciwane lemonkeypox elisanda kutholwa Ⅰ b igatsha manje selisakazekele emazweni amane ase-Afrika, okuhlanganisa i-Uganda, iKenya, iBurundi neRwanda, kanye neSweden neThailand, amazwe amabili angaphandle kwe-Afrika.
Ukubonakaliswa komtholampilo
I-monkeypox ingathelela izingane kanye nabantu abadala, ngokuvamile ngezigaba ezintathu: isikhathi esifihlekile, i-prodromal period, nesikhathi sokuqubuka. Isikhathi esijwayelekile sokufukamela senkawu esanda kutheleleka yizinsuku eziyi-13 (ububanzi, izinsuku ezi-3-34). Isigaba se-prodromal sithatha izinsuku ezingu-1-4 futhi ngokuvamile sibonakala ngokushisa okuphezulu, ikhanda elibuhlungu, ukukhathala, futhi ngokuvamile ukukhuliswa kwama-lymph node, ikakhulukazi entanyeni nangaphezulu. Ukwandiswa kwe-lymph node kuwuphawu lwemonkeypox oluyihlukanisa nenkukhu. Ngesikhathi sokuqhuma okuhlala izinsuku ezingu-14-28, izilonda zesikhumba zisakazwa ngendlela ye-centrifugal futhi ihlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana: ama-macules, ama-papules, ama-blister, futhi ekugcineni ama-pustules. Isikhumba sesikhumba siqinile futhi siqinile, sinemingcele ecacile kanye nokucindezeleka phakathi.
Izilonda zesikhumba zizokhwehlela futhi zichitheke, okuholela ekungeneni kombala okwanele endaweni ehambisanayo ngemva kokuchithwa, okulandelwa ukuzala ngokweqile. Izilonda esikhumbeni sesiguli zisukela ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa kuye kwezimbalwa, ikakhulukazi ezisebusweni, esiqwini, ezingalweni nasemilenzeni. Izilonda zesikhumba zivame ukuvela ezintendeni nasezinyaweni zezinyawo, okuwukubonakaliswa kwe-monkeypox ehlukile ku-chickenpox. Imvamisa, zonke izilonda zesikhumba zisesigabeni esifanayo, okungesinye isici esihlukanisa inkawu kwezinye izifo zesikhumba eziyizimpawu ezifana nenkukhu. Iziguli zivame ukuzwa ukulunywa kanye nobuhlungu bemisipha. Ubunzima bezimpawu kanye nobude besikhathi besifo bulingana ngokuqondile nokuminyana kwezilonda zesikhumba. Lesi sifo sinzima kakhulu ezinganeni nakwabesifazane abakhulelwe. Imonkeypox ivamise ukuba nenkambo yokuzikhawulela, kodwa imvamisa ishiya ngemuva ukubonakala okungekuhle njengezibazi ebusweni.

Umzila wokudlulisela
I-Monkeypox yisifo se-zoonotic, kodwa ukuqubuka kwamanje kudluliselwa ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu ngokuxhumana eduze neziguli ze-monkeypox. Ukuthintana eduze kuhlanganisa isikhumba nesikhumba (njengokuthinta noma ukuzibandakanya ocansini) kanye nomlomo nomlomo noma umlomo nesikhumba (njengokuqabulana), kanye nokuthintana ubuso nobuso neziguli zenkawu (njengokukhuluma noma ukuphefumula eduze komunye nomunye, okungase kukhiqize izinhlayiya ezithathelwanayo zokuphefumula). Njengamanje, alukho ucwaningo olubonisa ukuthi ukulunywa omiyane kungadlulisela igciwane lemonkeypox, futhi uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi igciwane lemonkeypox kanye negciwane lengxibongo liyingxenye yohlobo olufanayo lwe-orthopoxvirus, futhi igciwane lengxibongo alikwazi ukudluliselwa ngomiyane, amathuba okudluliselwa kwegciwane lemonkeypox ngomiyane aphansi kakhulu. Igciwane lemonkeypox lingase liqhubeke isikhathi eside ezingutsheni, izingubo zokulala, amathawula, izinto, izinto zikagesi, kanye nendawo lapho iziguli zemonkeypox zihlangane nazo. Abanye bangase bangenwe yilesi sifo lapho behlangana nalezi zinto, ikakhulukazi uma benemihuzuko noma imihuzuko, noma uma bethinta amehlo, ikhala, umlomo, noma olunye ulwelwesi lwamafinyila ngaphambi kokugeza izandla zabo. Ngemva kokuhlangana nezinto okungenzeka zingcolile, ukuzihlanza nokuzibulala amagciwane, kanye nokuhlanza izandla, kungasiza ekuvimbeleni lokho kudluliselwa. Igciwane lingase futhi lidluliselwe ku-fetus ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, noma lidluliselwe ngokuthintana kwesikhumba ngesikhathi sokuzalwa noma ngemva kokuzalwa. Abantu abathintana ngokomzimba nezilwane eziphethe leli gciwane, njengezingwejeje, bangase bangenwe yi-monkeypox. Ukuchayeka okubangelwa ukuthintana ngokomzimba nezilwane noma inyama kungenzeka ngokulunywa noma ukuklwejwa, noma phakathi nemisebenzi efana nokuzingela, ukuhlinza, ukucupha, noma ukulungisa ukudla. Ukudla inyama engcolile engakaphekwa kahle kungaholela ekungenweni yigciwane.
Ubani osengozini?
Noma ubani osondelene kakhulu neziguli ezinezimpawu zemonkeypox angase atheleleke ngegciwane lemonkeypox, okuhlanganisa abasebenzi bezempilo kanye namalungu omndeni. Amasosha omzimba ezingane asathuthuka, futhi ayadlala futhi axhumane eduze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanalo ithuba lokuthola umgomo wengxibongo, owanqanyulwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-40 edlule, ngakho-ke ingozi yokutheleleka iphezulu kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abanomzimba omncane wokuzivikela, kuhlanganise nabesifazane abakhulelwe, babhekwa njengabantu abasengozini enkulu.
Ukwelashwa kanye Nemigomo
Okwamanje azikho izidakamizwa ezitholakalayo zokwelapha igciwane lemonkeypox, ngakho-ke isu lokwelapha eliyinhloko ukwelapha okusekelayo, okuhlanganisa ukunakekelwa kokuqubuka, ukulawula ubuhlungu, nokuvimbela izinkinga. Imithi yokugomela i-monkeypox emibili igunyaziwe yi-WHO kodwa ayizange yethulwe eChina. Yonke imithi yokugomela ingxibongo enciphile yesizukulwane sesithathu. Uma ingekho le mithi yokugoma emibili, i-WHO iphinde yagunyaza ukusetshenziswa komuthi wokugomela ingxibongo othuthukisiwe i-ACAM2000. UGao Fu, isazi se-Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, ushicilele umsebenzi ku-Nature Immunology ekuqaleni kuka-2024, ephakamisa ukuthi umuthi wokugomela amaprotheni "okubili kokukodwa" wegciwane lemonkeypox oklanywe isu le-multi-epitope chimerism eliholwa yisakhiwo se-antigen lingavikela igciwane lesandulela ngculazi elingenalo igciwane elilodwa, igciwane elilodwa elithathelwanayo negciwane lesandulela ngculazi. igciwane lemonkeypox liphindwe izikhathi ezingu-28 kunomgomo wendabuko oncishisiwe ophilayo, ongahlinzeka ngohlelo oluhlukile lokugoma oluphephile nolwesabekayo lokuvikela nokulawula igciwane lemonkeypox. Ithimba lisebenzisana ne-Shanghai Junshi Biotechnology Company ukuze kuthuthukiswe ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa komuthi wokugoma.