Kusukela ngoFebhuwari kulo nyaka, uMqondisi-Jikelele we-WHO u-Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus kanye noMqondisi weNational Bureau for Disease Control and Prevention yaseChina u-Wang Hesheng bathi “Isifo X” esibangelwa igciwane elingaziwa kunzima ukusigwema, futhi kufanele silungiselele futhi siphendule ubhubhane olubangelwa yiso.
Okokuqala, ukubambisana phakathi kwemikhakha yomphakathi, ezimele kanye nengenzi-nzuzo kuyisici esibalulekile sokubhekana ngempumelelo nobhubhane. Ngaphambi kokuthi lowo msebenzi uqale, nokho, kufanele senze imizamo yangempela yokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela okufika ngesikhathi nokulingana komhlaba wonke kubuchwepheshe, izindlela kanye nemikhiqizo. Okwesibili, uhla lobuchwepheshe obusha bokugoma, obufana ne-mRNA, i-DNA plasmids, ama-viral vectors nama-nanoparticles, kuboniswe ukuthi kuphephile futhi kuyasebenza. Lobu buchwepheshe bebungaphansi kocwaningo iminyaka efika kwengama-30, kodwa bebungagunyaziwe ukusetshenziswa abantu kuze kube yilapho kuqubuka i-Covid-19. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ijubane okusetshenziswa ngalo lobu buchwepheshe kukhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukwakha inkundla yokugomela impendulo ngokushesha futhi ingaphendula ukwahluka okusha kwe-SARS-CoV-2 ngesikhathi. Ukutholakala kwalolu hlu lobuchwepheshe bokugoma obusebenzayo nakho kusinikeza isisekelo esihle sokukhiqiza abantu abazofuna umuthi wokugoma ngaphambi kobhubhane olulandelayo. Kufanele sibambe iqhaza ekwenzeni imithi yokugoma engaba khona yawo wonke amagciwane anamandla obhubhane.
Okwesithathu, ipayipi lethu lemithi yokwelapha elwa namagciwane lilungiselelwe kahle ukubhekana nosongo lwegciwane. Ngesikhathi sobhadane lwe-Covid-19, kwasungulwa izindlela zokwelapha ezisebenzayo ezilwa nama-antibody kanye nezidakamizwa ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwempilo kubhubhane oluzayo, kufanele futhi sikhiqize izindlela zokwelapha ezilwa namagciwane ezilwa namagciwane anamandla obhubhane. Ngokufanelekile, lezi zindlela zokwelapha kufanele zibe ngendlela yamaphilisi ukuze kuthuthukiswe umthamo wokusabalalisa kuzilungiselelo ezidingeka kakhulu, zezinsiza eziphansi. Lezi zindlela zokwelapha kufanele futhi zifinyeleleke kalula, zingavinjwa yizinkampani ezizimele noma amabutho ezombusazwe.
Okwesine, ukuba nemithi yokugoma ezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla akufani nokwenza itholakale kabanzi. Izinqubo zokugoma, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kanye nokufinyelela, zidinga ukuthuthukiswa. I-Alliance for Innovative Pandemic Preparedness (CEPI) iwubambiswano lomhlaba wonke olwethulwe ukuze kunqandwe izifo eziwubhadane ezizayo, kodwa kudingeka umzamo owengeziwe nokusekelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kwandiswe umthelela wako. Ngenkathi ulungiselela lobu buchwepheshe, ukuziphatha komuntu kufanele futhi kufundwe ukuze kuqwashiswe ngokuhambisana nomthetho futhi kuthuthukiswe amasu okulwa nolwazi olunganembile.
Okokugcina, ucwaningo oluningi olusetshenziswayo noluyisisekelo luyadingeka. Ngokuvela kokuhlukile okusha kwe-SARS-CoV-2 ehluke ngokuphelele kuma-antigen, ukusebenza kwemithi ehlukahlukene yokugoma nemithi yokwelapha eyakhiwe ngaphambilini nakho kuthintekile. Amasu ahlukahlukene abe namazinga ahlukene empumelelo, kodwa kunzima ukunquma ukuthi igciwane eliwubhubhane elilandelayo lizothinteka yini ngalezi zindlela, noma ukuthi ubhubhane olulandelayo luzobangelwa yini igciwane. Ngaphandle kokukwazi ukubona ikusasa kusengaphambili, sidinga ukutshala imali ocwaningweni olusetshenziswayo lobuchwepheshe obusha ukuze senze kube lula ukutholakala nokuthuthukiswa kwemithi emisha nemigomo. Kumelwe futhi sitshale kakhulu futhi kakhulu ocwaningweni oluyisisekelo mayelana nama-microorganisms angaba wubhubhane, i-viral evolution kanye ne-antigenic drift, i-pathophysiology yezifo ezithathelwanayo, i-immunology yabantu, kanye nobudlelwano bazo. Izindleko zalezi zinhlelo zinkulu, kodwa zincane uma ziqhathaniswa nomthelela we-Covid-19 empilweni yabantu (kokubili ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo) kanye nomnotho womhlaba, olinganiselwa ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezimbili zamaRandi ngo-2020 kuphela.
Umthelela omkhulu wezempilo kanye nenhlalo-mnotho wenhlekelele ye-Covid-19 ukhomba ngokunamandla isidingo esibalulekile senethiwekhi ezinikele ezinikele ekunqandeni ubhubhane. Inethiwekhi izokwazi ukubona amagciwane asakazeka esuka ezilwaneni zasendle aye emfuyweni nakubantu ngaphambi kokuba athuthuke abe ukuqubuka kwendawo, ngokwesibonelo, ukuvimbela izifo eziwumshayabhuqe nezifo eziwubhadane ezinemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Nakuba inethiwekhi enjalo esemthethweni ingakaze isungulwe, akuwona neze umsebenzi omusha ngokuphelele. Esikhundleni salokho, izokwakhela phezu kwemisebenzi ekhona yokuqapha yemikhakha eminingi, isebenzisa izinhlelo namandla asevele esebenza. Ukuvumelana ngokwamukelwa kwezinqubo ezimisiwe kanye nokwabelana ngedatha ukuze kuhlinzekwe ulwazi lwesizindalwazi somhlaba wonke.
Inethiwekhi igxile ekuthathweni kwezibonelo zezilwane zasendle, abantu nemfuyo ezindaweni ezihlonzwe ngaphambili, okuqeda isidingo sokubhekwa kwegciwane emhlabeni wonke. Empeleni, izindlela zokuxilonga zakamuva ziyadingeka ukuze kutholwe amagciwane achitheke kusenesikhathi ngesikhathi sangempela, kanye nokuthola imindeni eminingi eyisihluthulelo segciwane kumasampula, kanye namanye amagciwane amasha aqhamuka ezilwaneni zasendle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iphrothokholi yomhlaba wonke kanye namathuluzi okusekela izinqumo ayadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amagciwane amasha ayasuswa kubantu nasezilwaneni abanaleli gciwane ngokushesha nje lapho etholakala. Ngobuchwepheshe, le ndlela ingenzeka ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezindlela zokuxilonga eziningi kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulandelana kwe-DNA obuthengekayo obuvumela ukuhlonzwa ngokushesha kwamagciwane ngaphandle kolwazi lwangaphambili lwe-pathogen okuhlosiwe futhi kunikeze imiphumela ethile yezinhlobo ezithile/uhlobo oluthile.
Njengoba idatha entsha yofuzo kanye nemethadatha ehlobene namagciwane e-zoonotic ezilwaneni zasendle, ehlinzekwa amaphrojekthi okutholwa kwegciwane njenge-Global Virome Project, ifakwa kusizindalwazi somhlaba wonke, inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yokubhekwa kwegciwane izosebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu ekutholeni ukudluliselwa kwegciwane kubantu. Idatha izosiza futhi ukuthuthukisa ama-reagents okuxilonga kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo ngokusebenzisa okusha, okutholakala kabanzi, okungabizi kakhulu kokutholwa kwe-pathogen kanye nemishini yokulandelanisa. Lezi zindlela zokuhlaziya, ezihlanganiswe namathuluzi e-bioinformatics, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI), kanye nedatha enkulu, zizosiza ukuthuthukisa amamodeli aguquguqukayo nokubikezela kokutheleleka futhi kusabalale ngokuqinisa kancane kancane amandla ezinhlelo zokugada zomhlaba wonke ukuze kuvinjelwe ubhubhane.
Ukusungula inethiwekhi enjalo yokuqapha isikhathi eside kubhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu. Kunezinselelo zobuchwepheshe nezokusebenza ekuklameni uhlaka lwesampula lokubhekwa kwegciwane, ukusungula indlela yokwabelana ngolwazi mayelana nokuchitheka okungandile, ukuqeqesha abasebenzi abanamakhono, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhakha yezempilo yomphakathi neyezilwane ihlinzeka ngosekelo lwengqalasizinda yokuqoqwa kwesampula yebhayoloji, ezokuthutha, nokuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri. Kunesidingo sezinhlaka zokulawula nezomthetho ukuze kubhekwane nezinselelo zokucubungula, ukulinganisa, ukuhlaziya, nokwabelana ngenani elikhulu ledatha ye-multidimensional.
Inethiwekhi yokuqapha esemthethweni izodinga futhi ukuthi ibe nezayo izindlela zokuphatha kanye namalungu ezinhlangano zikahulumeni nezizimele, ezifana neGlobal Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation. Kufanele futhi ihambisane ngokugcwele nama-ejensi akhona e-UN afana ne-World Food and Agriculture Organization/World Organization for Animal Health/wHO. Ukuqinisekisa ukusimama kwesikhathi eside kwenethiwekhi, amaqhinga amasha okuxhasa ngemali ayadingeka, njengokuhlanganisa iminikelo, izibonelelo kanye neminikelo evela ezikhungweni ezixhasa ngezimali, Amazwe angamalungu kanye nezinkampani ezizimele. Lokhu kutshalwa kwezimali kufanele futhi kuxhunyaniswe nezinto ezikhuthazayo, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Yomhlaba, okuhlanganisa ukudluliswa kobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla, nokwabelana ngokulinganayo kolwazi ngamagciwane amasha atholwe ngezinhlelo zokugada emhlabeni jikelele.
Nakuba izinhlelo zokugada ezididiyelwe zibalulekile, indlela ehlanganisa izinto eziningi iyadingeka ekugcineni ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwezifo ze-zoonotic. Imizamo kufanele igxile ekubhekaneni nezimbangela zokutheleleka, ukunciphisa imikhuba eyingozi, ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokukhiqiza imfuyo kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuvikeleka kwemvelo eketangeni lokudla kwezilwane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthuthukiswa kokuxilongwa okusha, imithi yokugoma kanye nokwelapha kufanele kuqhubeke.
Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukuchitheka kwegazi ngokusebenzisa isu elithi “Impilo eyodwa” elixhumanisa impilo yezilwane, yabantu kanye nemvelo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe u-60% wokuqubuka kwezifo okungakaze kubonwe kubantu kubangelwa izifo zemvelo ze-zoonotic. Ngokulawula ngokuqinile izimakethe zokuhweba kanye nokuphoqelela imithetho emelene nokuhweba ngezilwane zasendle, inani labantu nezilwane lingahlukaniswa ngempumelelo. Imizamo yokuphatha umhlaba njengokunqanda ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ayizuzisi nje imvelo kuphela, kodwa futhi idala izindawo ezivikelekile phakathi kwezilwane zasendle nabantu. Ukwamukelwa okusabalele kwezinqubo zokulima ezisimeme nezinobuntu kuzoqeda ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezilwane ezifuywayo futhi kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kwama-antimicrobial e-prophylactic, okuholela ezinzuzweni ezengeziwe ekuvimbeleni ukumelana nama-antimicrobial.
Okwesibili, ukuphepha kwaselabhorethri kufanele kuqiniswe ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yokukhishwa okungahlosiwe kwamagciwane ayingozi. Izidingo zokulawula kufanele zibandakanye ukuhlolwa kwengozi okuqondene nesayithi kanye nomsebenzi othize ukuze kuhlonzwe futhi kuncishiswe izingozi; Izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuvimbela nokulawula ukutheleleka; Nokuqeqeshwa ngokusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele kanye nokutholwa kwezinto zokuzivikela. Izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe ezikhona zokulawulwa kwengozi yezinto eziphilayo kufanele zamukelwe kabanzi.
Okwesithathu, izifundo ze-GOF-of-function (GOF) okuhloswe ngazo ukucacisa izici ezithathelwanayo noma ze-pathogenic zamagciwane kufanele zigadwe ngokufanelekile ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi, kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ukuthi ucwaningo olubalulekile nomsebenzi wokuthuthukisa umgomo uyaqhubeka. Izifundo ezinjalo ze-GOF zingase zikhiqize ama-microorganisms anamandla amakhulu obhubhane, angase akhululwe ngamabomu noma ngamabomu. Kodwa-ke, umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe awukavumelani ngokuthi yimiphi imisebenzi yocwaningo eyinkinga noma ukuthi zinganciphisa kanjani ubungozi. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi ucwaningo lwe-GOF lwenziwa kumalabhorethri emhlabeni jikelele, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthuthukisa uhlaka lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-23-2024