izindaba

Njengoba singena ekhulwini lama-21, imvamisa, ubude besikhathi, namandla okushisa kwamagagasi kuye kwanda kakhulu; Ngomhla zingama-21 nowama-22 kule nyanga, izinga lokushisa lomhlaba wonke laqopha umlando izinsuku ezimbili zilandelana. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu angaholela ochungechungeni lwezingozi zezempilo njengenhliziyo nezifo zokuphefumula, ikakhulukazi kubantu abazwelayo njengasebekhulile, izifo ezingapheli, nokukhuluphala ngokweqile. Kodwa-ke, izinyathelo zokuvimbela izinga lomuntu ngamunye neqembu zinganciphisa ngempumelelo ukulimala kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu empilweni.

Kusukela ngeNguquko Yezimboni, ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kuye kwaholela ekukhuphukeni kwezinga lokushisa emhlabeni wonke ngo-1.1 ° C. Uma ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kungancishiswa kakhulu, kulindeleke ukuthi izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lomhlaba wonke likhuphuke ngo-2.5-2.9 ° C ekupheleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka. I-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) isifinyelele esiphethweni esicacile sokuthi imisebenzi yabantu, ikakhulukazi ukushiswa kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, iyimbangela yokufudumala okuphelele emkhathini, emhlabeni, nasezilwandle.

Naphezu kokuguquguquka, sekukonke, imvamisa kanye nobude bamazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu kuyanda, kuyilapho ukubanda okukhulu kuyehla. Izehlakalo eziyinhlanganisela ezifana nesomiso noma imililo yequbula eyenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa namagagasi okushisa sezivame ukwanda, futhi imvamisa yazo kulindeleke ukuthi iqhubeke ukwanda.

Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonisa ukuthi phakathi kuka-1991 no-2018, ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yokufa okuhlobene nokushisa emazweni angu-43, kuhlanganise ne-United States, kungabangelwa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ye-anthropogenic.

Ukuqonda umthelela osabalele wokushisa okukhulu empilweni kubalulekile ekuqondiseni ukwelashwa kwesiguli nezinsizakalo zezokwelapha, kanye nokuthuthukisa amasu abanzi okunciphisa nokuzivumelanisa nezinga lokushisa elikhuphukayo. Lesi sihloko sifinyeza ubufakazi be-epidemiological ezingozini zezempilo ezibangelwa amazinga okushisa aphezulu, umthelela owedlulele wamazinga okushisa aphezulu emaqenjini asengozini, kanye nezinyathelo zokuzivikela zezinga lomuntu ngamunye neqembu okuhloswe ngalo ukunciphisa lezi zingozi.

Ukuchayeka kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nezingozi zezempilo

Kokubili esikhathini esifushane nesikhathi eside, ukuchayeka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kungaba nomthelela omubi empilweni yomuntu. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu aphinde athinte impilo ngendlela engaqondile ngokusebenzisa izici zemvelo ezifana nokuncipha kwekhwalithi nenani lezitshalo nokunikezwa kwamanzi, kanye nokwenyuka kwezinga le-ozone. Umthelela omkhulu wamazinga okushisa aphezulu empilweni uvela ezimweni ezishisa kakhulu, futhi imiphumela yamazinga okushisa adlula izinkambiso zomlando empilweni yaziwa kabanzi.

Izifo eziyingozi ezihlobene nokushisa okuphezulu zihlanganisa ukushisa okushisayo (amabhamuza amancane, ama-papules, noma ama-pustules okubangelwa ukuvinjelwa kwezindlala zokujuluka), amajaqamba okushisa (ukufinyela okubuhlungu kwemisipha okuzenzakalelayo okubangelwa ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kanye nokungalingani kwe-electrolyte ngenxa yokujuluka), ukuvuvukala kwamanzi ashisayo, ukushisa kwe-syncope (okuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuma noma ukushintsha ukuma isikhathi eside ngenxa yokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi amaningi, isikhathi eside), ukuphuma kwamanzi ngenxa yokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi, ukuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi kanye nokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi. i-heatstroke. Ukuphelelwa ukushisa ngokuvamile kubonakala njengokukhathala, ubuthakathaka, isiyezi, ikhanda elibuhlungu, ukujuluka okukhulu, ukugoqa kwemisipha, nokushaya kwenhliziyo okwandisiwe; Izinga lokushisa lomzimba wesiguli lingase lenyuke, kodwa isimo sabo sengqondo sivamile. Ukushisa kohlangothi kubhekisela ekushintsheni kokusebenza kwesimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi lapho izinga lokushisa lomzimba eliyinhloko lidlula ama-40 ° C, elingathuthukela ekuhlulekeni kwezitho eziningi nokufa.

Ukuchezuka ezinkambisweni zomlando kuzinga lokushisa kungathinta kakhulu ukubekezelelana ngokomzimba kanye nokuvumelana nezimo ezishisayo. Kokubili amazinga okushisa aphelele (afana no-37 ° C) namazinga okushisa ahlobene (njengamaphesenti angama-99 abalwe ngokusekelwe kumazinga okushisa omlando) angaholela emazingeni aphezulu okufa phakathi namagagasi okushisa. Ngisho nangaphandle kokushisa okukhulu, isimo sezulu esishisayo sisengalimaza umzimba womuntu.

Ngisho noma sinesimo somoya kanye nezinye izici ezidlala indima enqubweni yokuzivumelanisa nezimo, sisondela emikhawulweni yokuguquguquka kwethu ngokomzimba nangokwenhlalo. Iphuzu elibalulekile lihlanganisa ikhono lengqalasizinda kagesi ekhona ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokupholisa esikhathini eside, kanye nezindleko zokwandisa ingqalasizinda ukuhlangabezana nalezi zidingo.

Inani labantu abasengozini enkulu

Kokubili ukuba sengozini (izici zangaphakathi) nokuba sengozini (izici zangaphandle) kungashintsha umthelela wamazinga okushisa aphezulu empilweni. Amaqembu ezizwe acwaswayo noma isimo esiphansi senhlalo-mnotho yisici esiyinhloko esithinta ubungozi, kodwa ezinye izici zingase futhi zandise ubungozi bemithelela emibi yezempilo, okuhlanganisa ukuzihlukanisa nomphakathi, ubudala obudlulele, ukugula kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithi. Iziguli ezinenhliziyo, ubuchopho, izifo zokuphefumula noma izinso, isifo sikashukela kanye nokuwohloka komqondo, kanye neziguli ezithatha ama-diuretics, izidakamizwa ze-antihypertensive, ezinye izidakamizwa zenhliziyo, ezinye izidakamizwa ze-psychotropic, ama-antihistamine nezinye izidakamizwa, zizoba sengozini enkulu yezifo ezihlobene ne-hyperthermia.

Izidingo kanye nezikhombisi-ndlela zesikhathi esizayo
Kudingekile ukwenza ucwaningo olwengeziwe ukuze kuqondwe izinzuzo zezinyathelo zokuvimbela ukushisa kanye nokupholisa ezingeni lomuntu ngamunye nelomphakathi, njengoba izinyathelo eziningi zinezinzuzo ze-synergistic, njengamapaki nezinye izikhala eziluhlaza ezingakhuphula imisebenzi yezemidlalo, zithuthukise impilo yengqondo, nokubumbana komphakathi. Kudingeka ukuqinisa ukubika okujwayelekile kokulimala okuhlobene nokushisa, okuhlanganisa amakhodi e-International Classification of Diseases (ICD), ukuze kuboniswe imiphumela engaqondile yamazinga okushisa aphezulu empilweni, kunokuba nje imiphumela eqondile.

Okwamanje ayikho incazelo eyamukelwa emhlabeni wonke yokufa okuhlobene nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Izibalo ezicacile nezinembile ngezifo ezihambisana nokushisa nokufa zingasiza imiphakathi nabakhi bezinqubomgomo babeke phambili umthwalo wezempilo ohambisana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu futhi bathuthukise izixazululo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lweqoqo lesikhathi eside luyadingeka ukuze kutholwe kangcono imithelela ehlukene yamazinga okushisa aphezulu empilweni esekelwe kuzici zezifunda ezihlukahlukene nabantu, kanye namathrendi esikhathi sokujwayela.

Kudingekile ukwenza ucwaningo lwemikhakha eminingi ukuze kuqondwe kangcono imithelela eqondile nengaqondile yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwezempilo futhi kuhlonzwe amasu asebenzayo okuthuthukisa ukuqina, njengamanzi nezinhlelo zokukhucululwa kwendle, amandla, ezokuthutha, ezolimo, kanye nokuhlela amadolobha. Kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile amaqembu asengozini enkulu (njengemiphakathi yemibala, abantu abahola kancane, kanye nabantu abavela emaqenjini ahlukene asengozini enkulu), futhi amasu okuzivumelanisa nezimo aphumelelayo kufanele athuthukiswe.
Isiphetho
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kukhulisa amazinga okushisa njalo futhi kukhulisa imvamisa, ubude besikhathi, kanye namandla amaza okushisa, okuholela emiphumeleni ehlukahlukene yezempilo emibi. Ukusatshalaliswa kwemithelela eshiwo ngenhla akulungile, futhi abanye abantu namaqembu athinteka kakhulu. Kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa amasu okungenelela nezinqubomgomo eziqondise izindawo ezithile nezibalo zabantu ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wamazinga okushisa aphezulu empilweni.