Ngo-Ephreli 10, 2023, uMongameli waseMelika uJoe Biden wasayina umthethosivivinywa oqeda ngokusemthethweni “isimo esiphuthumayo sikazwelonke” se-COVID-19 e-United States. Ngemva kwenyanga eyodwa, i-COVID-19 ayisasebenzi “Isimo Esiphuthumayo Sezempilo Yomphakathi Sokukhathazeka Kwamazwe Ngamazwe.” NgoSepthemba 2022, uBiden wathi "ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 seluphelile," futhi ngaleyo nyanga kwaba nokufa okuhlobene ne-COVID-10,000 e-United States. Yiqiniso, akuyona i-United States yodwa eyenza izinkulumo ezinjalo. Amanye amazwe ase-Europe amemezele ukuphela kwesimo esiphuthumayo sobhubhane lwe-COVID-19 ngo-2022, asusa imikhawulo, futhi alawula i-COVID-19 njengomkhuhlane. Yiziphi izifundo esingazifunda emazwini anjalo emlandweni?
Emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka adlule, iNkosi uLouis XV yaseFrance yakhipha isimemezelo sokuthi ubhadane olubhubhisayo eningizimu yeFrance lwaluphelile (bheka isithombe). Sekungamakhulu eminyaka isifo esiwumshayabhuqe sibulala inani elimangalisayo labantu emhlabeni wonke. Kusukela ngo-1720 kuya ku-1722, ngaphezu kwesigamu sabantu baseMarseille bafa. Inhloso eyinhloko yalesi simemezelo kwakuwukuvumela abathengisi ukuthi baqale kabusha imisebenzi yabo yebhizinisi, futhi uhulumeni wamema abantu ukuba babase umlilo ovuthayo phambi kwemizi yabo ukuze “bagubhe obala” ukuphela kwalolu bhubhane. Lo mthetho wawugcwele umcimbi nezimpawu, futhi wabeka indinganiso yezimemezelo nemikhosi elandelayo yokuphela kwalesi sifo. Iphinde inikeze ukukhanya okugqamile mayelana nesizathu somnotho ngemuva kwezimemezelo ezinjalo.
Isimemezelo esimemezela umlilo omkhulu eParis ukugubha ukuphela kwenhlupho eProvence, ngo-1723.
Kodwa ingabe lo myalo wawuqeda ngempela ubhubhane? Vele akunjalo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe zazisaqhubeka, lapho u-Alexandre Yersin athola khona i-pathogen Yersinia pestis eHong Kong ngo-1894. Nakuba abanye ososayensi bekholelwa ukuthi lesi sifo sanyamalala ngawo-1940, asiseyona insalela yomlando. Bekulokhu kuthelela abantu ngendlela ye-zoonotic etholakala ezindaweni zasemaphandleni entshonalanga ye-United States futhi kuvame kakhulu e-Afrika nase-Asia.
Ngakho-ke asikwazi ukusiza kodwa sibuze: ingabe lo bhubhane uyoke uphele? Uma kunjalo, nini? I-World Health Organization ibheka ukuqubuka kwesifo njengokuphela uma kungekho macala aqinisekisiwe noma asolwayo abikwe isikhathi esiphindwe kabili kunesikhathi esiphezulu sokufukamela kwegciwane. Isebenzisa le ncazelo, i-Uganda yamemezela ukuphela kokugqashuka kwezwe kwakamuva kwe-Ebola ngoJanuwari 11, 2023. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi ubhubhane (igama elisuselwe egameni lesiGreki elithi pan [" all "] kanye namademos [" people "]) yisigameko esiwumqedazwe nesokuhlalisana kwabantu okwenzeka emhlabeni wonke, ukuphela kobhadane, njengesiqalo, ubhubhane, kodwa futhi akuxhomekile ezimweni zezomnotho. izici zokuziphatha. Uma kubhekwa izinselelo ezibhekene nazo ekuqedeni leli gciwane (okubandakanya ukungafani kwezempilo kwesakhiwo, ukungezwani komhlaba wonke okuthinta ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, ukuhamba kwabantu, ukumelana namagciwane, kanye nokulimala kwemvelo okungashintsha ukuziphatha kwezilwane zasendle), imiphakathi ivame ukukhetha isu elinezindleko eziphansi zenhlalo, ezombusazwe, nezomnotho. Isu libandakanya ukuphatha okunye ukufa njengento engenakugwenywa emaqenjini athile abantu abanezimo zenhlalo-mnotho ezimbi noma izinkinga zempilo ezikhona.
Ngakho-ke, lo bhubhane uphela lapho umphakathi uthatha indlela eqondile ezindlekweni zezenhlalo nezomnotho zezinyathelo zezempilo zomphakathi - ngamafuphi, lapho umphakathi wenza ngokwejwayelekile izinga lokufa kanye nokugula okuhlobene. Lezi zinqubo ziphinde zibe nomthelela kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi “isifo esiwumshayabhuqe” (” endemic “iphuma kwelesiGreek elithi en ["ngaphakathi"] kanye namademo), inqubo ehilela ukubekezelela inani elithile lokutheleleka. Izifo eziwumqedazwe zivame ukubangela ukuqubuka kwezifo ngezikhathi ezithile emphakathini, kodwa aziholeli ekugcwalisekeni kweminyango yezimo eziphuthumayo.
Umkhuhlane uyisibonelo. Umqedazwe womkhuhlane we-H1N1 wango-1918, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi “umkhuhlane waseSpain,” wabulala abantu abayizigidi ezingama-50 kuye kweziyi-100 emhlabeni wonke, okuhlanganisa nabalinganiselwa ku-675,000 e-United States. Kepha uhlobo lomkhuhlane we-H1N1 alukanyamalala, kodwa luqhubekile nokujikeleza ngezindlela ezingenamandla. ICenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ilinganisela ukuthi balinganiselwa ku-35,000 abantu e-United States asebebulewe wumkhuhlane unyaka ngamunye eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Umphakathi awugcini nje ngokuba “nezifo eziwumshayabhuqe” (manje osekuyisifo sonyaka), kodwa futhi ulungisa izinga lokufa kwaminyaka yonke kanye namazinga okugula. Umphakathi uphinde wenze njalo, okusho ukuthi inani lokufa umphakathi ongakwazi ukukubekezelela noma ukuphendula seliyisivumelwano futhi lakhelwe ekuziphatheni kwezenhlalo, kwamasiko kanye nempilo kanye nokulindelweyo, izindleko nengqalasizinda yesikhungo.
Esinye isibonelo isifo sofuba. Nakuba enye yezinhloso zezempilo ku-UN Sustainable Development Goals "ukuqeda i-TB" ngo-2030, kusazobonakala ukuthi lokhu kuzofezwa kanjani uma ubumpofu obuphelele kanye nokungalingani okukhulu kuqhubeka. I-TB “iwumbulali othule” emazweni amaningi anemali engenayo ephansi naphakathi, eqhutshwa ukuntuleka kwemithi ebalulekile, izinsiza zokwelapha ezinganele, ukungondleki kanye nezimo zezindlu eziminyene. Ngesikhathi sobhadane lwe-COVID-19, izinga lokufa kwe-TB lenyuka okokuqala ngqa esikhathini esingaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi.
Ikholera nayo isiyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba. Ngo-1851, imiphumela yezempilo yekholera kanye nokuphazamiseka kwayo ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe kwashukumisela abameleli bombuso ukuba babize iNgqungquthela Yomhlaba Wonke Yezobunhlanzeko yokuqala eParis ukuze kudingidwe indlela yokulawula lesi sifo. Bakhiqiza imithetho yokuqala yezempilo yomhlaba wonke. Kodwa nakuba i-pathogen ebangela ikholera iye yatholakala futhi izindlela zokwelapha ezilula (okuhlanganisa ukubuyisela amanzi emanzini kanye nama-antibiotics) sezikhona, usongo lwezempilo lwekholera alukaze luphele ngempela. Emhlabeni jikelele, bangu-1.3 kuya ku-4 million abantu abanesifo sekholera kanye nokufa okuhlobene nezi-21,000 kuya ku-143,000 unyaka ngamunye. Ngo-2017, i-Global Task Force on Cholera Control yabeka umhlahlandlela wokuqeda ikholera ngo-2030. Nokho, ukuqubuka kwekholera kuye kwanda eminyakeni yamuva ezindaweni ezivame ukungezwani noma ezimpofu emhlabeni jikelele.
I-HIV/AIDS mhlawumbe iyisibonelo esifanele kakhulu sobhubhane lwakamuva. Ngo-2013, eNgqungqutheleni Ekhethekile YeNhlangano Yamazwe Ase-Afrika, eyayise-Abuja, eNigeria, amazwe angamalungu azibophezele ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuqeda i-HIV ne-AIDS, umalaleveva nesifo sofuba ngo-2030. Ngo-2019, uMnyango Wezempilo Nezinsizakalo Zabantu ngokufanayo wamemezela isinyathelo sokuqeda ubhubhane lwe-HIV e-United States ngo-2030, cishe ngonyaka ka-2035, kukhona ukutheleleka okusha kwe-United States. ingxenye enkulu ngokungalingani kwesakhiwo ekuxilongweni, ekwelashweni, nasekuvimbeleni, kuyilapho ngo-2022, kuzoba nezi-630,000 zokufa okuhlobene ne-HIV emhlabeni wonke.
Nakuba i-HIV/AIDS iseyinkinga yezempilo yomphakathi emhlabeni wonke, ayisathathwa njengenkinga yezempilo yomphakathi. Esikhundleni salokho, ubukhona kanye nobunjalo obujwayelekile be-HIV/AIDS kanye nempumelelo yokwelashwa ngezidambisigciwane kuye kwayiguqula yaba isifo esingelapheki ukulawulwa kwayo kufanele kuqhudelane ngezinsiza ezilinganiselwe nezinye izinkinga zempilo zomhlaba. Umuzwa wobunzima, ukubaluleka kanye nokuphuthuma okuhambisana nokutholakala kokuqala kwe-HIV ngo-1983 sekwehlile. Le nqubo yezenhlalo nezombusazwe ijwayele ukufa kwezinkulungwane zabantu minyaka yonke.
Ngakho-ke ukumemezela ukuphela kobhubhane kuphawula iphuzu lapho inani lempilo yomuntu lishintshashintsha - ngamanye amazwi, ohulumeni banquma ukuthi izindleko zenhlalo, ezomnotho, nezombusazwe zokusindisa impilo zidlula izinzuzo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izifo eziwumshayabhuqe zingahambisana namathuba omnotho. Kukhona ukucatshangelwa kwezimakethe zesikhathi eside kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho ezingaba khona ekuvimbeleni, ekwelapheni nasekulawuleni izifo ezake zaba ubhadane lomhlaba wonke. Isibonelo, imakethe yomhlaba wonke yezidakamizwa ze-HIV ibibiza cishe ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 ngo-2021 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi idlule amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-45 ngo-2028. Esimeni sobhubhane lwe-COVID-19, “i-COVID ende,” manje ebonwa njengomthwalo wezomnotho, ingaba yindawo elandelayo yokukhula komnotho embonini yezemithi.
Lezi zibonelo zomlando zikwenza kucace ukuthi okunquma ukuphela kobhubhane akusona isimemezelo esiwubhubhane noma isimemezelo sezepolitiki, kodwa ukujwayela kokushona nokugula kwaso ngokujwayela kanye nokuqubuka kwalesi sifo, okuthi uma kwenzeka ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lwaziwe ngokuthi “ukuphila naleli gciwane”. Okwenze lo bhubhane lwaphela kwaba futhi ukuzimisela kukahulumeni ukuthi le nkinga yezempilo yomphakathi ehlobene ayisabeki usongo emkhiqizweni womnotho womphakathi noma emnothweni womhlaba. Ngakho-ke ukuqeda isimo esiphuthumayo se-COVID-19 kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokunquma amandla anamandla ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, ezimiso zokuziphatha namasiko, futhi akuwona umphumela wokuhlolwa okunembile kwezinto ezingokoqobo eziwumshayabhuqe noma isenzo nje esingokomfanekiso.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-21-2023